简介
Peter Jonas made several discoveries that continuously challenged existing dogmas in neuroscience and changed our way of thinking about synaptic signaling in the brain.
Early in his career, he developed a technique to perform patch-clamp recordings from demyelinated axons. Subsequently, at the time when he worked with the Nobel laureate Bert Sakmann in Heidelberg from 1990 – 1994, Peter Jonas characterized the mechanisms of synaptic transmission at the hippocampal mossy fiber synapse in the CA3 region and the gating of molecularly distinct types of glutamate receptors.
After establishing his independent lab in Freiburg in 1995, he made several contributions to the functional analysis of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus. He discovered that interneurons in the hippocampus show rapid excitation from principal neurons, and identified the underlying molecular mechanisms (Geiger et al., 1995; 1997). He also found that AMPA-type glutamate receptors expressed in interneurons are highly permeable to Ca2+. He pioneered the technique of direct recording from presynaptic terminals in the cortex, the hippocampal mossy fiber terminals (Geiger and Jonas, 2000). He found that action potentials in hippocampal mossy fiber boutons show activity-dependent broadening. This paper provided the first indication for analogue coding of information in a mammalian axon. He also discovered that mossy fiber boutons express voltage-gated Na+ channels in high density, leading to a boosting of the amplitude of the presynaptic action potential (Engel and Jonas, 2005). Finally, he was involved in pioneering work that characterized the glutamatergic input synapses of young granule cells in the dentate gyrus generated by adult neurogenesis (Schmidt-Hieber et al., 2004).
Peter Jonas also made several contributions to the field of GABAergic interneuron function. He developed techniques to record from pairs of interneurons and various types of target cells. He discovered that individual interneurons in the spinal cord co-release two fast transmitters, glycine and GABA (Jonas et al., 1998). These results challenged the prevailing dogma that a single neuron only releases a single transmitter. He found that synaptic transmission at interneuron-interneuron synapses is fast, strong, and shunting (Bartos et al., 2002; Bartos et al., 2007). Using a combined experimental-computational approach, he demonstrated that shunting inhibition provides a mechanism to homogenize the firing of interneurons, which greatly increases the robustness of coherent gamma oscillations in interneuron networks. Furthermore, he found that the output synapses of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons show a tight coupling between presynaptic Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ sensors of exocytosis and involve a small number of Ca2+ channels (Hefft and Jonas, 2005; Bucurenciu et al., 2008; Bucurenciu et al., 2010). Both factors contribute to the speed of GABAergic transmission at the output synapses of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. In contrast, CCK-expressing interneurons show a looser coupling and release transmitters highly asynchronously, suggesting a new form of tonic inhibition (Hefft and Jonas, 2005). Finally, he performed the first direct recordings from the dendrites of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (Hu et al., 2010).
In summary, Peter Jonas has pioneered the techniques of subcellular patch clamping and paired recording. He substantially shaped the fields of presynaptic recording and interneuron function. The results were highly influential and changed our way of thinking about the mechanisms of synaptic transmission and dynamics in neuronal microcircuits.
